Careers for CPAs in Forensic Accounting Forensic Accounting is the merger of accounting and legal investigative work. Think of a forensic accountant as a Sherlock Holmes who delves into the balance sheet to ferret out nefarious deeds or Elliott Ness of the FBI armed with a calculator. For instance, in March 2008, Heather Mills hired the forensic accounting firm of Lee and Allen to delve into her ex-husband, Sir Paul McCartney’s wealth derived from his career as a Beatle, his music rights, business assets and properties, such as his Peasmarsh estate in East Sussex. When the court found that he was worth only a paltry 400million (over US $639,000,000), Heather Mills stated, “We all know he’s worth 800million. He’s been worth 800million for the last 15 years.” The Sunday Times Rich List put the former Beatle’s wealth last year at 825million. Forensic accountants are hired by law firms in corporate and family law. They are hired by law enforcement: the FBI alone has over 1,400 forensic CPAs and accountants on their payroll already.
The career opportunities in forensic accounting will continue to expand. In 2002, U.S. News listed forensic accounting as one of the eight most secure careers.
Throughout the last century, very nefarious persons have been caught by forensic accountants, not by FBI agents armed to the teeth. Here are just a few examples of how forensic accountants stopped “the bad guy” when traditional law enforcement could not.
Score Forensic Accountants: 3 Nefarious Criminals: 0
Al Capone It was not Elliott Ness and his legendary team of FBI “Untouchables” who brought the “Boss of the Chicago Outfit” (a.k.a., “the Mob”) and one-time Public Enemy Number One to justice but it was a former accountant, Frank J. Wilson, from the US Treasury Department’s Bureau of Internal Revenue who finally built a successfully prosecuted case. While Wilson was promoted to chief of the Secret Service, Capone was sentenced to 11 years for tax evasion in 1931. Mickey Cohen Though not as famous a mobster as Al Capone, Mickey Cohen’s life of crime lasted longer but ended much the same way. Like Capone, Cohen started with the Chicago Outfit. Following the assassination of Bugsy Siegel, the Las Vegas crime boss, Mickey moved out to Las Vegas and was given control of the mob’s operations there.
While local law enforcement couldn’t get Mickey, the US Senate could: forensic accounting investigators on a Senate committee uncovered the evidence which was the basis for his conviction. They nailed Mickey for tax evasion in 1950 for which he served four years. After his release, he resumed his mob life and was convicted of tax evasion again in 1961. Exiled to the prison on Alcatraz Island, he served 11 years and was released in 1972. Thomas “Slab” Murphy Ah, the Irish justice system is poetic indeed.
When the Sunday Times accused him of directing a UK bombing campaign, he sued for libel in a Dublin court. In 1998, an Irish jury dismissed his case on the grounds he really was an IRA commander and smuggler. Although he was never convicted of any IRA (Irish Republican Army) terrorist bombings of which he was suspected, “Slab” was eventually cornered by the taxman.
And when the Gardai and the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) raided his farm last year, they found over 1 million in cash in a cowshed. The 58 year-old Murphy was formally charged with tax evasion last Thursday. Score Forensic Accountants: 2 Corrupt International Leaders: 0 Slobodan Milosevic and Cronies The 20th century was cursed with a suplus of dictators who conducted ethnic cleansing, resulting in the death and dislocation of millions. The last such dictator of that century was Slobodan Milosevic, known as the “Butcher of the Balkans.” Slobo, as the tabloids dubbed him, started the longest running war in Eastern Europe. To understand the slaughter, understanding the history is requisite. Yugoslavia was formed by a panel of European leaders at the end of WWI, who carved up Central and Eastern Europe into a series of nations which lumped rival ethnic groups together and gave employment as kings to a number of displaced former German royals. Yugoslavia: * covered an area the size of Wyoming * contained six republics of contentious rivals such as Slovenians, Croats, Bosnians, Serbs, Montegreians, Macedonians, and Albanians * used three different alphabets * and was home to those who were Roman Catholics, Serbian/Greek Orthodox Christians, and Muslims-three religions willing to kill each other in an instant. 700’s: Two tribes, the Croats and the Serbs, are listed in the Russian chronicles as fighting each other as they traveled across the steppes. The Croatians settle on the oceanside of the Dalmatian Alps while the Serbs settle inland. The Western-facing Croatians become Christians as Roman Catholics while the Eastern-facing Serbs become Serbian Orthodox, a branch of Greek Orthodox. 1054: The two Christian churches, the Greek Orthodox and the Roman Catholic, hurled the lightening bolts of excommunication at each other, making it much easier to kill someone of the other faith and feel no pangs of regret. Overlayed on top of the ethnic hatred between the Serbs and Croatians is now this religious intolerance as well. Since then, the two churches have rarely shared the Christian cup of harmony. 1453: Ottoman Turks, who were Muslim, conquered the Balkans. After 1453, a layer of Muslim theocracy was imposed upon the Christians, which created more ill will, massacres, and other such atrocities. 1800’s: As the Ottoman Turks withdraw, the Roman Catholic Austro-Hungarian Empire comes in from the north to fill the power vaccuum. The Roman Catholic Christians in Slovenia and Croatia rejoice but the Muslims and Serbian Orthodox do not since they are now subject to oppression by a different, but equally hated, master. 1918: Austro-Hungary loses World War I. European leaders redraw the national boundaries of Central and Eastern Europe thereby lumping all these unhappy ethnic campers (Croats, Slovenes, Serbs, etc.) together into Yugoslavia. 1946: Yugoslavia votes for a Communist government, the only nation to do so without Soviet Union Red Army troops present. (By contrast, the other nations, such as Poland and Hungary, which voted Communist governments into power had Russian Red Army troops on their lands when they voted. The not-so-subtle message was, “Vote for the Communists or we will conquer your country and force it upon you.”) 1991: After the fall of the Berlin Wall and the defeat of Communism, Yugoslavia is split by ethnic strife as old hatreds erupt. Slovenia seceeds from Yugoslavia, starting the first of the Balkan Wars. 1992: Yugoslavia consists only of Serbia and Montengro, while all the other republics have seceeded. The Balkan Wars accelerate.
2001: Slobovan Milosevic was indicted by an internaitional tribunal, becoming the first sitting head of state indicted while still in office. (All others were indicted AFTER they left office.) Milosevic was indicted on 66 counts of crimes against humanity, genocide, and war crimes and was accused of being directly responsible for the heinous acts committed by Serbian troops. The prosecutors aimed to prove that he had approved and/or authorized violent actions by the Serbian Army troops and their cohorts. These atrocities included: * In July 1995, the Serbian army targeted the Muslim population of Bosnia for genocide. The Serbs started with 40,000 Muslim men at Srebrenica, making that group the example for what they intended to do throughout Bosnia: exterminate the Muslims who had oppressed them hundreds of years previously. The primarily Christian Serbian troops then methodically killed about 8,000 Bosnian Muslim men and boys simply because they were Muslims, making Srebrenica the largest mass murder since World War II. Between 25,000-30,000 Bosnian Muslims fled the area-an effective ethnic cleansing indeed. * The Seige of Sarajevo was the longest seige endured by a capital city in modern history. The professional Bosnian Serb Army, equipped and supported by the Serbian Army, blockaded and bombarded the city for nearly four years, reducing this lovely city to rubble. The poorly armed defending forces were little more than civilians and had little hope against their well trained, well equipped foes. Milosevic ordered the Bosnian Serb Army to eradicate the Muslim population by relentlessly bombing the city. Over 10,000 civilians died, 15,000 children were injured, and thousands of Bosnians fled, reducing the city’s population to 64% of its pre-war size. * Civil warfare in Bosnia and Croatia was initiated on Milosevic’s orders. * Milosevic ordered Serbian troops into Kosovo, killing over 12,000 ethnic Albanians and forcing over 700,000 Albanians to flee. The international court said that he was directly responsible for the heinous acts there. 2001: Serbia passes the special one-off “Extra Profits Law,” which applied to personal fortunes amassed since 1989, when Milosevic came into power. Forensic accountants found that Milosevic operated a covert system granting rich rewards to his cronies. This put much of their wealth outside the economy and thus was not taxed. Under the new law, the tax rate soared to 90% of any fortune exceeding $4.5 million. Enforcing the code stripped Milosevic of his ill-gotten gains. Since the only people who accumulated money during the war were Milosevic, his family, and powerful political friends, very few people minded that he was prosecuted.
Augusto Pinochet The former president of Chile was never convicted for his part in the murder of 2,279 political prisoners, the torture of an estimated 30,000, and an untold number of “disappearences.” Because he avoided paying 1.4million of Chilean taxes, charges of tax evasion were filed after an investigation by forensic accoountants. Pinochet died at age 91 before he could be brought to trial. Like Milosevic, he died before he could be convicted of crimes against humanity but at least the tax codes got even with him before he croaked! Score Forensic Accountants:1 Crooked Spy Masters: 0
Wolfgang Vogel Though his public persona was merely that of a shady lawyer lurking in Berlin, in reality, he was one of the craftiest spy traders during the Cold War. Vogel negotiated the release of at least 33,755 political prisoners and 215,000 of their relatives during the years of 1964-1989. He negotiated the trade of Francis Gary Powers, an American pilot for a captured Russian spy. On account of his mulitple trades, over $2.4 billion changed hands between the Soviet bloc and NATO. Because he was a former East German state police (“Stasi”) collaborator, he built a network of deep contacts with some of the most ruthless secret police forces in the world : USSR, East Germany, Czechoslavkia, Hungary, Cuba and Poland, as well as the former Portuguese colonies of Angola and Mozambique. To do so, he ran up six figures in expenses annually. Because Vogel was accused of forcing prisoners to sign their assets over to him prior to their release, no one was certain whose side Vogel was on. It became clear that he was only on his own side because he became one of the Communist world’s few millionaires. After the Berlin Wall came down in 1989, the German government argued that Vogel owed them $6.8 million in back taxes and accused him of extortion, tax evasion, and profiteering. In 1996, he was convicted of blackmail charges, arising from an earlier case. Here are job posting for CPAs in Forensic Accounting as of 1/5/2010:
Forensic Technology & Litigation Support Associate Grant Thornton Miami, Florida
ESSENTIAL DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES-Planning, executing, directing, and completing fraud investigation and litigation services while managing to budget.- Ensure evidence collection methods are conducted, managed, and archived in a manner consistent to maintain preservation and protection of data and evidence.-Ensure all lab hardware and software verified and validated as required by Federal Rules of Evidence.
-Maintain a good working relationship with clients to enhance customer satisfaction and work with client management and staff at all levels to perform services, resolve issues, and make recommendations for business and process improvements.-Assist partners and senior management on proposals and business development.-Supervise, train, and mentor associates and interns on computer forensics and related services and assess performance of staff for engagement reviews.-Participate in recruiting efforts as needed.-Attend professional development and training sessions on a regular basis.
REQUIREMENTS- * 2 to 4+ years of progressive experience in public accounting or consulting, fraud investigation and litigation experience preferred.- * Bachelor’s degree in Accounting, Finance, Economics, Business Administration, or related field.- * Active certification/license…CPA preferred.
Forensic Audit Manager – Latin America Miami, Florida
* Investigate convoluted accounting fraud irregularities in the US and internationally. * Report to the Head of Forensic Audit for the Region.
Requirements * CPA or other certification * Certified Fraud Examiner required * Bilingual: Spanish required * Big 4 experience strongly preferred * Travel domestic and internationally – approximately 70%.
How do you get there from here? To become a CPA in forensic accounting, you should have the persistence of a bloodhound to find the truth. If you are still in college, consider taking courses in fraud, litigation, and taxation. If you have graduated with your BA/BS, consider taking courses in these areas to bring your total coursework up to the 150 semester hours required by most states before you sit for the CPA Exam. How do you become a CPA? First, you need a bachelor’s degree with at least some accounting courses. Try CPAexcel’s Exam Planner to determine if you meet your state’s requirements. Exam Planner can tell you what courses you need before you apply to sit for the exam and Exam Planner gives you all the contact information for the testing agency in your state.
By becoming a CPA, you expand your opportunities to * move into management, * travel the world, and * command a higher salary.
Since the national CPA Exam has a failure rate of over half, consider a CPA review course. Since 1998, CPAexcel’s students pass at nearly twice the national rate.
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